[1] Data sources for population: HYDE (2023); Gapminder, Population v7 (2022); UN, World Population Prospects (2024); Gapminder - Systema Globalis (2022) – with major processing by Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-long-run-with-projections

[2] World Health Organization. (n.d.). Indicator metadata registry: Life expectancy at birth. https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/123

[3] Data sources: Human Fertility Database (2025); UN, World Population Prospects (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate

[4] Data source for GDP: World Bank. (n.d.). GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) [Data set]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD

[5] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.

[6] Ehrlich, P. R. (1968). The population bomb. Ballantine Books.

[7] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2024). World fertility report 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2025_wfr_2024_final.pdf

[8] Large parts of Asia are getting old before they get rich. (2023, October 12). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/10/12/large-parts-of-asia-are-getting-old-before-they-get-rich

[9] Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. (n.d.). Analysis of 2025 Social Security trustees report. https://www.crfb.org/papers/analysis-2025-social-security-trustees-report

[10] European Commission. (n.d.). The 2025 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU member states (2022-2070). https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/971dd209-41c2-425d-94f8-e3c3c3459af9_en?filename=ip279_en.pdf

[11] Eurostat. (2025). Demography of Europe: 2025 interactive publication. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/demography-2025

[12] European Commission. (n.d.). The 2025 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU member states (2022-2070). https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/971dd209-41c2-425d-94f8-e3c3c3459af9_en?filename=ip279_en.pdf

[13] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2002). World population ageing: 1950-2050. Quote: “Population ageing is unprecedented, without parallel in the history of humanity.” https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2021/Nov/undesa_pd_2002_wpa_1950-2050_web.pdf

[14] Bank of Korea. (n.d.). Potential Growth of Korea and Its Outlook [BOK Issue Note 2024-33]. https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/B0000354/view.do?nttId=10090724&oldMenuNo=400007&menuNo=400409&programType=newsDataEng&depth=400409&relate=Y

[15] Kurzgesagt, Youtube. SOUTH KOREA IS OVER. https://youtu.be/Ufmu1WD2TSk?si=1iiGeSYfi8JCJEIY

[16] Sobotka, T., Matysiak, A., & Brzozowska, Z. (2019, May). Policy responses to low fertility: How effective are they? (Working Paper No. 1). United Nations Population Fund. https://www.unfpa.org/publications/policy-responses-low-fertility-how-effective-are-they